Type Sharing

Discovery

Before generating anything, ask (or infer from context):

1. Architecture: Monorepo (Turborepo/Nx/pnpm workspaces) or separate repos?
2. Schema source of truth: Database schema (Prisma), API spec (OpenAPI/GraphQL), or hand-written TypeScript?
3. Stack: What's the backend (Express, tRPC, Fastify, NestJS)? What's the frontend (Next.js, React, Vite)?
4. Existing drift problem? — Are types already duplicated, or is this greenfield?

---

Strategy: Pick One Pattern

Choose based on answers above. Don't mix patterns.

Situation	Pattern
Monorepo, schema-first (Prisma/OpenAPI)	Generated types package
Monorepo, hand-written types	Shared @repo/types package
Separate repos	Published npm package + version pinning
tRPC already in use	Router inference — no separate package needed

---

Non-Obvious Implementation Notes

Pattern A: Shared @repo/types Package (Monorepo)

The non-obvious parts:

packages/types/
├── package.json        ← name: "@repo/types"
├── tsconfig.json       ← must extend root tsconfig
└── src/
    └── index.ts

packages/types/package.json — the critical field people miss:

{
  "name": "@repo/types",
  "exports": {
    ".": {
      "types": "./src/index.ts",   // ← point to source, not dist
      "default": "./src/index.ts"  // ← avoids a build step entirely
    }
  }
}

Root tsconfig.json needs path aliases or the package won't resolve:

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "paths": {
      "@repo/types": ["./packages/types/src/index.ts"]
    }
  }
}

Why source-first matters: Skipping a build step eliminates the most common drift source — forgetting to rebuild the types package before running the app. Both consumer apps see live TypeScript source.

---

Pattern B: Prisma → Generated Types (Schema-First)

Prisma exports its types but they're tied to @prisma/client. Don't re-export them directly into a shared package — the frontend will try to import server-only code.

Correct approach — extract only what's safe:

// packages/types/src/index.ts
import type { User, Post } from "@prisma/client"

// Re-export only plain data shapes (no Prisma methods, no PrismaClient)
export type { User, Post }

// For frontend-safe subsets, use Pick/Omit explicitly:
export type PublicUser = Pick<User, "id" | "name" | "email">

Add a postgenerate hook so types stay in sync automatically:

// package.json (root)
{
  "scripts": {
    "db:generate": "prisma generate && tsc -p packages/types/tsconfig.json --noEmit"
  }
}

---

Pattern C: OpenAPI → TypeScript (API-First)

Use openapi-typescript (not swagger-typescript-api — the output is harder to use):

npx openapi-typescript ./openapi.yaml -o packages/types/src/api.ts

The generated output uses a paths namespace — people usually want helper types:

// packages/types/src/helpers.ts
import type { paths } from "./api"

// Extract request/response types without manually indexing paths every time
export type ApiResponse<P extends keyof paths, M extends keyof paths[P]> =
  paths[P][M] extends { responses: { 200: { content: { "application/json": infer R } } } }
    ? R
    : never

// Usage: ApiResponse<"/users/{id}", "get">

---

Pattern D: tRPC (Inference — No Package Needed)

If you're already on tRPC, a shared types package is redundant. The router IS the type contract.

// server: export the router type only
export type AppRouter = typeof appRouter

// client: import and use
import type { AppRouter } from "@repo/server"
const trpc = createTRPCProxyClient<AppRouter>(...)

Non-obvious: Export only typeof appRouter, never the router itself — keeping backend deps off the frontend.

---

Pattern E: Zod as the Single Source of Truth

Define schemas once, derive types everywhere:

// packages/types/src/user.ts
import { z } from "zod"

export const UserSchema = z.object({
  id: z.string().uuid(),
  email: z.string().email(),
  role: z.enum(["admin", "user"]),
})

export type User = z.infer<typeof UserSchema>

// Backend: use schema for validation
// Frontend: use schema for form validation + type inference
// Both: same source, zero drift

---

Preventing Type Drift

CI Check (most teams skip this, don't)

Add a typecheck step that spans all packages:

// package.json (root)
{
  "scripts": {
    "typecheck": "tsc --build --force"
  }
}

Requires each package to have a proper tsconfig.json with composite: true and references set up.

The satisfies Operator (TS 4.9+)

Catches shape mismatches that as masks:

// backend
const handler: RequestHandler = (req, res) => {
  const body = req.body satisfies CreateUserInput  // errors if shape changed
}

Shared Enum Pitfall

Don't use TypeScript enum in shared packages — it compiles to an IIFE and adds runtime overhead on the frontend. Use const objects + type union instead:

// ❌ shared enum
export enum Role { Admin = "admin", User = "user" }

// ✅ shared const + union
export const Role = { Admin: "admin", User: "user" } as const
export type Role = typeof Role[keyof typeof Role]

---

Output Checklist

• Single source of truth identified (Prisma / OpenAPI / Zod / hand-written)
• Types package or inference pattern set up
• No server-only imports leaking into the types package
• typecheck script runs across all packages in CI
• Shared enums use const + union, not TypeScript enum
• If schema-generated: postgenerate hook wired up